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2019年10月27日 星期日

關係代名詞 - 省略時的用法


★情況一

若關係子句中已經有主詞,而關係代名詞是作為關係子句中的受詞,且前面沒有逗號或介係詞時,關係代名詞可以省略。

簡單來說就是:關係代名詞前面沒有逗號或介係詞,後面接上完整的句子(主詞+動詞)時,關係代名詞可省略。

1.  This is the book that I read yesterday.
(這是我昨天看的書。)

→ 可以看到關係子句中已有主詞 I、動詞 read。這時關係代名詞 that 代替 the book,作為關係子句中 read 的受詞,此時 that 可以省略,所以可以寫成:
This is the book I read yesterday.



2.  He is the man whom I saw at the school yesterday.
(他是我昨天在學校看到的男人。)

關係子句中已有主詞 I、動詞 saw,而關係代名詞 whom 代替 the man,作為關係子句中 saw 的受詞,此時 whom 可以省略,所以可以寫成:
He is the man I saw at the school yesterday.




★情況二

關係代名詞作為關係子句中的主詞,若要省略關係代名詞,後面的 be 動詞要一起省略。

簡單來說就是:當結構是「關係代名詞 be 動詞 現在分詞 / 過去分詞」時,可以省略關係代名詞,後面的 be 動詞也可以連同捨去。


1.       The girl who is sitting over there is my little sister.
(坐在那裡的女孩是我的妹妹。)

關係代名詞 who 為關係子句 who is sitting over there 的主詞角色,若要省略,後面的 be 動詞必須一起省略,因此也可以寫做:
The girl sitting over there is my little sister. 

(這時 sitting over there 角色變成分詞片語,用以修飾前面的 the girl




2.       The books that were written by J.K. Rowling are popular among teenagers.
(由 J.K. 羅琳寫的書在青少年之間很受歡迎。)

關係代名詞 that 為關係子句 that were written by J.K. Rowling 的主詞角色,若要省略,後面的 be 動詞 were 必須一起省略,只留下過去分詞 written,因此可以寫做:
The books written by J.K. Rowling are popular among teenagers.

(這時 written by J.K. Rowling 角色變成分詞片語,用以修飾前面的 the books





★情況三

關係代名詞作為關係子句中的主詞,若要省略關係代名詞,後面的動詞要跟著變化,主動動詞必須改成現在分詞。

簡單來說就是:若是關係代名詞後面直接接上動詞,要省略時必須將動詞改寫成現在分詞(V-ing)形式


1.  I have an aunt who teaches English at our school.
(我有一個在我們學校教英文的阿姨。)


who 作為關係子句 who teaches English at our school 中的主詞,若要省略關係代名詞,後面的主動動詞 teaches 必須改成現在分詞 teaching,因此就變成:
I have an aunt teaching English at our school.

(這時 teaching English 變成分詞片語,用以修飾前面的 an aunt





2. The dog that sits over there is my grandma’s dog.
(坐在那裡的那隻狗是我奶奶的狗。)

that 作為關係子句 that sits over there 中的主詞,若要省略關係代名詞,後面的主動動詞 sits 必須改成現在分詞 sitting,因此就變成:
The dog sitting over there is my grandma’s dog.

(這時 sitting over there 變成分詞片語,用以修飾前面的 the dog





關係代名詞 Who / Whom 用法


代替人的關係代名詞,除了"who"之外,依其在形容詞子句中所扮演的角色,也可能使用whomwhose


1.     "who"主格,在形容詞子句裡作為主詞

The man [who is sitting there] is my brother.
坐在那裡的男人是我哥哥。


"who"在這裡是形容詞子句"who is sitting there"的主詞喔!



2.   "whom"受格,在形容詞子句裡做為受詞用,通常可以省略

The boy [whom you saw yesterday] is here.
你昨天看到的男孩在這裡。

在這個句子,"whom"代替"the boy",是"whom you saw yesterday"這個形容詞子句的受格。


※ 原則上,在口語中可用who 代替whom



3.  "whose"所有格關係代名詞,在形容詞子句裡代替先行詞的所有格,
後面接名詞。

I have a friend [whose father is a bus driver]. 
我有個朋友,他的父親是公車司機。





引用自希平方

1. Who
若要代替的「人」在關係子句裡是「主詞」,就用主格 who


I went to the library with Anthony.(我和 Anthony 一起去圖書館。)
Anthony is also in my math class.Anthony 和我上同一堂數學課。)


可以看到第二句話是用來補充說明前一句的 Anthony 是什麼人,如果用關係代名詞來改寫,就可以寫成:
I went to the library with Anthony, who is also in my math class.
(我和 Anthony 一起去圖書館,他也和我上同一堂數學課。)

who is also in my math class 是關係子句,用來補充說明前面的 Anthony



2. Whom
若要代替的「人」在關係子句裡是「受詞」,就用受格 whom


This is the man.(這是那位男人。)
You want to see the man.(你想見那位男人。)

可以看到在第二句話中,the man 是受詞,因此要用關係代名詞改寫的話,就會變成:
This is the man whom you want to see.
(這是你想見的那位男人。)

whom you want to see 是關係子句,用來修飾前面的 the man


來源 : 希平方https://www.hopenglish.com/understanding-relative-pronouns-2

2019年10月25日 星期五

Dispute 意思


Dispute
Noun


an argument or disagreementespecially an official one between, for exampleworkers and employers or two countries with a common border
(尤指勞資雙方或相鄰兩國之間的)爭執,爭端,糾紛


bitter/long-running dispute
激烈/長期的爭執

border dispute
邊界爭端

pay/legal/trade dispute
工資/法律/貿易糾紛

They have been unable to settle/resolve the dispute over working conditions.
他們無法解決工作條件方面的爭端。

The unions are in dispute with management over pay.
工會與管理層在工資問題上存在分歧。

The dispute was settled last week.
爭端在上週解決了。


beyond (all) dispute

毫無爭議地,無可爭辯地,不容置疑地


He is beyond all dispute the finest actor in Hollywood today.
無可置疑,他是當今好萊塢最好的演員。



in dispute

being doubted
受到懷疑的


I don't think her ability is in dispute - what I question is her attitude.
我相信她的能力沒有問題,但我懷疑她的態度。



open to dispute

not certain
不確定的,不肯定的


He says it's the best musical equipment you can buy, but I think that's open to dispute.
他說那是能買到的最好的音樂設備,但我認爲這種說法不一定對。




Dispute
Verb


to disagree with something that someone says
(對)有異議;不贊同


Few would dispute his status as the finest artist of the period.
他是那個時期最好的藝術家,很少有人對此存有異議。

The circumstances of her death have been hotly disputed.
她的死引起了激烈的爭論。

I don't dispute (that) his movies are entertaining, but they don't have much depth.
我並不否認他的電影具有娛樂價值,但這些電影都沒有甚麽深度。

2019年10月23日 星期三

Characterization Practice 1 - Mark's mechanical pencil ran out of lead


After Mark's mechanical pencil ran out of lead, he asked Pete, who sat next to him, if he could borrow a pencil. Pete yelled, "No, Mark. If you didn't come prepared, why is that my fault? Bring TWO pencils to class! You can't have one of mine or you'll never learn your lesson."




mechanical pencil   noun.  自動鉛筆

lead  noun.  




來源:
https://www.ereadingworksheets.com/e-reading-worksheets/online-reading-tests/#characterizations-tests

Characterization Practice 1 - What the answer was to the problem


The teacher asked Khadija what the answer was to the problem on the board. Khadija looked away for a moment and then put her head down on her desk. After the teacher moved on to someone else, Khadija whispered to her friend that the answer was 26. Khadija was right.






來源:
https://www.ereadingworksheets.com/e-reading-worksheets/online-reading-tests/#characterizations-tests

Characterization Practice 1 - Corey's rainbow pencil


Corey came back from the bathroom and noticed that her rainbow pencil was missing. She looked around the room and saw that Beth was using a rainbow pencil. Corey started crying uncontrollably and ran out of the room.






來源:
https://www.ereadingworksheets.com/e-reading-worksheets/online-reading-tests/#characterizations-tests

Characterization Practice 1 - Anna volunteered to help Kylie


Anna volunteered to help Kylie clean her house. When Anna washed the mirrors, Kylie asked her if she used paper towels instead of newspapers. When Anna admitted that she had, Kylie asked her to redo them. Then, while Anna was sweeping, Kylie corrected her on her technique. "Don't just push the dirt around, Anna. SWEEP it," Kylie told Anna.







來源:
https://www.ereadingworksheets.com/e-reading-worksheets/online-reading-tests/#characterizations-tests

Characterization Practice 1 - Jake is Cassie's older brother


Jake is Cassie's older brother. One day they are walking home from school when a cold front rolls in and the temperature drops 20 degrees. Jake is dressed more appropriately for the weather than Cassie. He takes off his hooded sweatshirt and offers it to her. She gratefully accepts. Jake is now colder, but he is happier.


cold front   noun.  冷鋒



來源:
https://www.ereadingworksheets.com/e-reading-worksheets/online-reading-tests/#characterizations-tests

2019年10月22日 星期二

Cabinet 意思


Cabinet
Noun


cabinet noun (GOVERNMENT)
small group of the most important people in government, who advise the President or Prime Minister and make important decisions
內閣


The Cabinet meet/meets every Thursday.
內閣成員每週四開會。

The President is completing the selection of his new Cabinet.
首相已宣佈新內閣名單。

He was elevated to cabinet rank.
他被提升到內閣部長級。

a cabinet minister
內閣部長







cabinet noun (FURNITURE 家具) 
piece of furniture with shelvescupboards, or drawers, used for storing or showing things
貯藏櫃;陳列櫃;櫥櫃


Valuable pieces of china were on display in a glass-fronted cabinet.
貴重瓷器陳列在正面是玻璃的櫃子裡。

bathroom/filing cabinet
浴室/文件櫃

2019年10月20日 星期日

Deposit 意思


Deposit
Verb


deposit verb (LEAVE) 
to leave something somewhere
留下;存放


The flood waters fell, depositing mud over the whole area.
洪水退去後,留下的淤泥覆蓋了整個地區。

The bus deposited me miles from anywhere.
公車把我扔在一個前不著村後不著店的地方。

The cuckoo deposits her eggs in other birdsnests.
布穀鳥把自己的蛋下在其他鳥類的窩裡。

I deposited my luggage in a locker at the station.
我把行李存放在車站的儲物櫃裡了。




deposit verb (MONEY)
to put something valuableespecially money, in a bank or safe (= strong box or cupboard with locks)
(在銀行或保險箱中)存放,儲存(尤指金錢)


There's a night safe outside the bank, so you can deposit money whenever you wish.
銀行外面有夜間保險箱,你可以隨時把錢存進去。

I deposited £500 in my account this morning.
今天早上我在自己的帳戶中存了500英鎊。



to pay someone an amount of money when you make an agreement with that person to pay for or buy something, that either will be returned to you later, if the agreed arrangement is kept, or that forms part of the total payment
支付(押金、訂金或預繳費用)


When we moved in, we had to deposit $1,000 with the landlord in case we broke any of his things.
我們搬進去時必須向房東交1000美元的押金,以防我們損壞其房內物件。

You deposit 20 percent now and pay the rest when the car is delivered.
你可以先付20%的訂金,餘款在交車時支付。







Deposit
Noun


deposit noun (MONEY)
paymentespecially into a bank account
(尤指銀行帳戶的)存款


To open an account, you need to make a minimum deposit of $500.
開設帳戶至少需要存入500美元。



an amount of money that you pay as the first part of the total payment for something
預繳費用,定金


The shop assistant says if I leave £10 as a deposit, they'll keep the dress for me.
店員說如果我交十英鎊定金,他們就會為我留著那條裙子。

We paid/put a deposit of £5,000 on the house, and paid the balance four weeks later.
我們交了五千英鎊的購屋預付款,並在四週後付清餘額。

They asked us to put down a deposit.
他們讓我們支付一筆定金。



an amount of money that you pay when you rent something, and is returned to you when you return the thing you have rented
押金


It costs $2,000 a week to rent the yacht, with a $200 refundable/returnable deposit.
遊艇的租金為每星期2000英鎊,外加200英鎊的可退還押金。

You pay a 10p deposit of 10p on the bottle, which you get back when you return the empty bottle.
瓶子收取十便士押金,空瓶送回後可退還押金。